Ìàðêñ Êàðë (Karl Marx; 05.05.1818, Òðèð - 14.03.1883, Ëîíäîí)
Ìàðêñ Êàðë (Karl Marx; 05.05.1818, Òðèð - 14.03.1883, Ëîíäîí) - ìûñëèòåëü è îáùåñòâåííûé äåÿòåëü, îñíîâîïîëîæíèê ÌÀÐÊÑÈÇÌÀ. Ðîäèëñÿ â ã. Òðèð (Ãåðìàíèÿ) â ñåìüå àäâîêàòà.  1835-41 ã. ó÷èëñÿ íà þðèäè÷åñêîì ôàêóëüòåòå Áîííñêîãî, çàòåì Áåðëèíñêîãî ÓÍÈÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒÀ. Ñ 1842 ã. ðåäàêòîð äåìîêðàòè÷åñêîé "Ðåéíñêîé ãàçåòû".  1843 ã. ïåðååõàë â Ïàðèæ, ãäå ïîçíàêîìèëñÿ ñ ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿìè ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîãî è äåìîêðàòè÷åñêîãî äâèæåíèÿ â 1844 ã. íà÷àëàñü ÄÐÓÆÁÀ Ìàðêñà ñ Ô. Ýíãåëüñîì.  1845 ã. Ìàðêñ ïåðååõàë â Áðþññåëü.
 ïåðèîä ðåâîëþöèîííûõ ñîáûòèé â Åâðîïå 1848-49 ã.ã. àêòèâíî ó÷àñòâîâàë â ðàáîòå ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îðãàíèçàöèè "Ñîþç êîììóíèñòîâ" è âìåñòå ñ Ýíãåëüñîì íàïèñàë åå ïðîãðàììó "Ìàíèôåñò Êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîé ïàðòèè" (1848).  èþíå 1848 - ìàå 1849 ãã. Ìàðêñ è Ýíãåëüñ èçäàâàëè â Êåëüíå "Íîâóþ Ðåéíñêóþ ãàçåòó" (Ìàðêñ - ãëàâíûé ðåäàêòîð). Ïîñëå ïîðàæåíèÿ ðåâîëþöèè Ìàðêñ âûåõàë â Ïàðèæ, à â àâãóñòå 1849 ã. ïåðååõàë â Ëîíäîí, ãäå ïðîæèë äî êîíöà æèçíè. Òåîðåòè÷åñêóþ è îáùåñòâåííóþ ÄÅßÒÅËÜÍÎÑÒÜ ïðîäîëæàë áëàãîäàðÿ ìàòåðèàëüíîé ïîìîùè Ýíãåëüñà. Ìàðêñ áûë îðãàíèçàòîðîì è ëèäåðîì 1-ãî Èíòåðíàöèîíàëà (1864-76 ã.ã.)  1867 ã. âûøåë ãëàâíûé òðóä Ìàðêñà - "Êàïèòàë" (ò. 1); ðàáîòó íàä ñëåäóþùèìè òîìàìè Ìàðêñ íå çàâåðøèë, èõ ïîäãîòîâèë ê èçäàíèþ Ýíãåëüñ (ò. 2, 1885; ò. 3, 1894).  ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû æèçíè Ìàðêñ àêòèâíî ó÷àñòâîâàë â ôîðìèðîâàíèè ïðîëåòàðñêèõ ïàðòèé.
 ñåðåäèíå 40-õ ã.ã. ïðîèçîøåë ïåðåõîä Ìàðêñà îò ÈÄÅÀËÈÇÌÀ è ðåâîëþöèîííîãî äåìîêðàòèçìà ê ÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÈÇÌÓ è ÊÎÌÌÓÍÈÇÌÓ. Ìàðêñ ðàçðàáîòàë ïðèíöèïû ìàòåðèàëèñòè÷åñêîãî ïîíèìàíèÿ èñòîðèè (èñòîðè÷åñêèé ìàòåðèàëèçì), òåîðèþ ïðèáàâî÷íîé ñòîèìîñòè, èññëåäîâàë ðàçâèòèå êàïèòàëèçìà è âûäâèíóë ïîëîæåíèå î íåèçáåæíîñòè åãî ãèáåëè è ïåðåõîäà ê êîììóíèçìó â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðîëåòàðñêîé ðåâîëþöèè. Èäåè Ìàðêñà îêàçàëè çíà÷èòåëüíîå âëèÿíèå íà ñîöèàëüíóþ ìûñëü è èñòîðèþ îáùåñòâà â êîíöå 19-20 â.â.
Ìàðêñ áûë îðãàíèçàòîðîì è âîæäåì îñíîâàííîãî 28 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1864 ã. â Ëîíäîíå 1-ãî Èíòåðíàöèîíàëà. Ìàðêñ ñòðåìèëñÿ îáúåäèíèòü ðàáî÷åå äâèæåíèå ðàçíûõ ñòðàí, âåë ðåøèòåëüíóþ áîðüáó ïðîòèâ ïðóäîíèñòîâ, ëàññàëüÿíöåâ, áàêóíèñòîâ.  1867 ã. áûë îïóáëèêîâàí 1-é òîì "Êàïèòàëà" - îñíîâíîãî òðóäà Ìàðêñà, â êîòîðîì äàí àíàëèç ðàçâèòèÿ êàïèòàëèçìà è åãî èñòîðè÷åñêèõ ïðåäåëîâ. Ðàáîòó íàä 2-ì è 3-ì òîìàìè "Êàïèòàëà" Ìàðêñ íå çàêîí÷èë. Èõ ïîäãîòîâèë ê èçäàíèþ Ýíãåëüñ.  íàïèñàííîé â 1875 "Êðèòèêå Ãîòñêîé ïðîãðàììû" Ìàðêñ ïîäâåðã êðèòèêå îøèáêè ðóêîâîäèòåëåé ãåðìàíñêîé ñîöèàë-äåìîêðàòèè, ðàçðàáîòàë âîïðîñ î äâóõ ôàçàõ êîììóíèçìà. Ïîñëå ðîñïóñêà 1-ãî Èíòåðíàöèîíàëà (1876) Ìàðêñ âûäâèíóë â êà÷åñòâå îñíîâíîé ïîëèòè÷åñêîé çàäà÷è ñîçäàíèå ïðîëåòàðñêèõ ïàðòèé â îòäåëüíûõ ñòðàíàõ. Ïðîäîëæàòåëåì äåëà Ìàðêñà è Ýíãåëüñà ÿâèëñÿ Â. È. ËÅÍÈÍ, ðàçâèâøèé ìàðêñèñòñêîå ó÷åíèå â íîâûõ èñòîðè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ.
Ñëîâàðíûå ñòàòüè, ñâÿçàííûå ñ Ìàðêñ
- ÀÁÑÒÐÀÊÒÍÎÅ È ÊÎÍÊÐÅÒÍÎÅ (abstract and concrete)
- ÀÇÈÀÒÑÊÈÉ ÑÏÎÑÎÁ ÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒÂÀ È ÀÇÈÀÒÑÊÎÅ ÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÎ (Asiatic mode of production and Asiatic society)
- ÀÍÀÐÕÎ-ÑÈÍÄÈÊÀËÈÇÌ (anarcho-syndicalism)
- ÀÐÕÅÎËÎÃÈß (archaeology)
- ÀÑÊÅÒÈÇÌ (asceticism)
- ÁÀÇÈÑ È ÍÀÄÑÒÐÎÉÊÀ (basis and superstructure)
- ÁÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ È ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÎÅ (biological and social)
- ÁÎÃÎÑÒÐÎÈÒÅËÜÑÒÂÎ (godbuilding)
- ÁÎÍÀÏÀÐÒÈÇÌ (Bonapartism)
- ÁÞÐÎÊÐÀÒÈß (bureaucracy)
- ÂÎÑÒÎ×ÍÛÉ ÄÅÑÏÎÒÈÇÌ (oriental despotism)
- ÃÈÄÐÀÂËÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÎ (hydraulic society)
- ÃÈÏÎÒÅÇÀ AD HOC (ad hoc hypothesis)
- ÃÎÐÎÄÑÊÀß ÑÎÖÈÎËÎÃÈß (urban sociology)
- ÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÎ (state)
- ÃÐÀÆÄÀÍÑÊÎÅ ÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÎ (civil society)
- ÃÓÌÀÍÈÇÌ (humanism)
- ÄÅÂÈÀÖÈß (deviance)
- ÄÅÍÅÆÍÀß ÑÂßÇÜ (cash nexus)
- ÄÅÍÜÃÈ (money)
- ÄÅÒÅÐÌÈÍÈÇÌ (determinism)
- ÄÈÀËÅÊÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ËÎÃÈÊÀ (dialectical logic)
- ÄÈÀËÅÊÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÈÇÌ (dialectic materialism)
- ÄÈÊÒÀÒÓÐÀ ÏÐÎËÅÒÀÐÈÀÒÀ (dictatorship of the proletariat)
- ÇÀÊÎÍ ÑÒÎÈÌÎÑÒÈ (law of value)
- ÈÄÅÀËÈÇÌ (idealism)
- ÈÄÅÎËÎÃÈß (ideology)
- ÈÌÏÅÐÈÀËÈÇÌ (imperialism)
- ÈÍÄÓÑÒÐÈÀËÜÍÀß ÑÎÖÈÎËÎÃÈß (industrial sociology)
- ÈÍÄÓÑÒÐÈÀËÜÍÎÅ ÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÎ (industrial society)
- ÈÍÄÓÑÒÐÈÀËÜÍÛÅ ÎÒÍÎØÅÍÈß (industrial relations)
- ÈÍÄÓÑÒÐÈÀËÜÍÛÉ ÊÎÍÔËÈÊÒ (industrial conflict)
- ÈÑÒÎÐÈÇÌ (historicism)
- ÈÑÒÎÐÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÈÇÌ (historical materialism)
- ÈÑÒÎÐÈß (history)
- ÊÀÏÈÒÀË (capital)
- ÊÀÏÈÒÀËÈÇÌ è ÊÀÏÈÒÀËÈÑÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÑÏÎÑÎÁ ÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒÂÀ (capitalism and capitalist mode of production)
- ÊÀÏÈÒÀËÈÑÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÒÐÓÄÎÂÎÉ ÊÎÍÒÐÀÊÒ (capitalist labour contract)
- ÊËÀÑÑ (class)
- ÊËÀÑÑÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÏÎËÈÒÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÑÒÛ (classical economists)
- ÊËÀÑÑÎÂÀß ÏÎËßÐÈÇÀÖÈß (class polarization)
- ÊËÀÑÑÎÂÎÅ ÍÅÑÎÂÏÀÄÅÍÈÅ (class dealignment)
- ÊËÀÑÑÎÂÎÅ ÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÎ (class-divided society)
- ÊËÀÑÑÎÂÎÅ ÑÎÇÍÀÍÈÅ (class consciousness)
- ÊËÀÑÑÎÂÛÅ ÃÐÀÍÈÖÛ (class boundaries)
- ÊËÀÑÑÎÂÛÉ ÊÎÍÔËÈÊÒ (class conflict)
- ÊÎÌÌÓÍÈÇÌ (communism)
- ÊÎÍÖÅÍÒÐÀÖÈß ÑÎÁÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ (concentration of ownership)
- ÊÐÈÇÈÑÛ ÊÀÏÈÒÀËÈÇÌÀ (crises of capitalism)
- ÊÓËÜÒÓÐÍÛÉ ÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÈÇÌ (cultural materialism)
- ËÆÅÑÎÇÍÀÍÈÅ (false consciousness)
- ËÈÁÅÐÀËÈÇÌ (liberalism)
- ËÞÌÏÅÍ-ÏÐÎËÅÒÀÐÈÀÒ (lumpenproletariat)
- ÌÀÐÊÑÈÇÌ (Marxism)
- ÌÅËÊÀß ÁÓÐÆÓÀÇÈß (petty bourgeoisie), èëè PETITE BOURGEOISIE
- ÌÅÒÎÄÎËÎÃÈß (methodology)
- ÌÈÐÎÂÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ (world system)
- ÌÍÎÃÎÌÅÐÍÛÉ ÀÍÀËÈÇ ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÎÉ ÑÒÐÀÒÈÔÈÊÀÖÈÈ (multidimentional analysis of social stratification)
- ÌÎÄÅËÜ (model)
- ÌÎÄÅÐÍ (modernity)
- ÌÎÄÅÐÍÈÇÀÖÈß (modernization)
- ÌÎÍÅÒÀÐÈÇÌ (monetarism)
- ÍÀÊÎÏËÅÍÈÅ (èëè ÐÀÑØÈÐÅÍÍÎÅ ÂÎÑÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒÂÎ) ÊÀÏÈÒÀËÀ (accumulation (or expanded or extended reproduction) of capital)
- ÍÀÓ×ÍÛÉ ÐÅÀËÈÇÌ (scientific realism)
- ÍÅÄÎÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ È ÏÅÐÅÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒÂÎ (underconsumption and overproduction)
- ÍÅÊÀÏÈÒÀËÈÑÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ È ÄÎÊÀÏÈÒÀËÈÑÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÑÏÎÑÎÁÛ ÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒÂÀ (noncapitalis and precapitalist modes of production)
- ÍÅÎÊËÀÑÑÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÏÎËÈÒÝÊÎÍÎÌÈß (neoclassical economics)
- ÍÅÎÌÀÐÊÑÈÑÒÛ (neo-Marxists)
- ÍÅÏÐÅÄÂÈÄÅÍÍÛÅ ÈËÈ ÍÅÏÐÅÄÍÀÌÅÐÅÍÍÛÅ ÏÎÑËÅÄÑÒÂÈß (ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÛÕ ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÉ) (unanticipated or unintended consequences (of social action))
- ÍÎÂÛÅ ËÅÂÛÅ (New Left)
- ÍÎÂÛÉ ÊËÀÑÑ (new class)
- ÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÎ ÍÅÎÁÕÎÄÈÌÛÉ ÒÐÓÄ (socially necessary labour)
- ÎÍÒÎËÎÃÈß (ontology)
- ÎÐÃÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÑÒÐÎÅÍÈÅ ÊÀÏÈÒÀËÀ (organic composition of capital)
- ÎÐÈÅÍÒÀÖÈÈ ÍÀ ÒÐÓÄ (orientations to work)
- ÎÒ×ÓÆÄÅÍÈÅ (alienation)
- ÏÅÐÅÕÎÄ ÎÒ ÔÅÎÄÀËÈÇÌÀ Ê ÊÀÏÈÒÀËÈÇÌÓ (transition from feudalism to capitalism)
- ÏÎËÈÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÑÎÖÈÎËÎÃÈß (political sociology)
- ÏÎËÈÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈß (political economy)
- ÏÎËÈÒÝÊÎÍÎÌÈß (economics)
- ÏÎËÈÒÝÊÎÍÎÌÈß ÌÀÐÊÑÀ (Marxian economics)
- ÏÎËÎÆÅÍÈÅ ÍÀ ÐÛÍÊÅ (market situation)
- ÏÎÑÒÎßÍÍÛÉ ÊÀÏÈÒÀË È ÏÅÐÅÌÅÍÍÛÉ ÊÀÏÈÒÀË (constant capital and variable capital)
- ÏÎÑÒÓËÀÒ ÀÄÅÊÂÀÒÍÎÑÒÈ (postulate of adequacy)
- ÏÎÒÐÅÁÈÒÅËÜÍÀß ÑÒÎÈÌÎÑÒÜ È ÌÅÍÎÂÀß ÑÒÎÈÌÎÑÒÜ (use-value and exchange-value)
- ÏÐÀÂßÙÈÉ ÊËÀÑÑ ÈËÈ ÃÎÑÏÎÄÑÒÂÓÞÙÈÉ ÊËÀÑÑ (ruling class or dominant class)
- ÏÐÈÁÀÂÎ×ÍÀß ÑÒÎÈÌÎÑÒÜ (surplus value)
- ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÀÒÈÊÀ (problematique or problematic)
- ÏÐÎÃÐÅÑÑ (progress)
- ÏÐÎÑÒÈÒÓÖÈß (prostitution)
- ÏÐÎÒÈÂÎÐÅ×ÀÙÈÅ ÊËÀÑÑÎÂÛÅ ÏÎËÎÆÅÍÈß (contradiction class locations)
- ÏÐÎÒÈÂÎÐÅ×ÈÅ (contradiction)
- ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑ ÒÐÓÄÀ (labour process)
- ÐÀÁÎ×Àß ÑÈËÀ (labour power)
- ÐÀÇÄÅËÅÍÈÅ ÒÐÓÄÀ (division of labour)
- ÐÀÖÈÎÍÀËÈÇÌ (rationalism)
- ÐÅÂÈÇÈÎÍÈÇÌ (revisionism)
- ÑÂÅÐÕÑÎÖÈÀËÈÇÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÀß ÊÎÍÖÅÏÖÈß ×ÅËÎÂÅÊÀ (oversocialized conception of Man)
- ÑÂÎÁÎÄÍÛÉ ÍÀÅÌÍÛÉ ÒÐÓÄ (free wage labour)
- ÑÎÖÈÀËÈÇÀÖÈß (socialization)
- ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÀß ÏÎËÈÒÈÊÀ (social policy)
- ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÀß ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÀ (social structure)
- ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÀß ÔÎÐÌÀÖÈß (social formation)
- ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÎÅ ÈÇÌÅÍÅÍÈÅ (social change)
- ÑÎÖÈÎËÎÃÈß (sociology)
- ÑÎÖÈÎËÎÃÈß ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß (sociology of education)
- ÑÎÖÈÎËÎÃÈß ÏÎÇÍÀÍÈß (sociology of knowledge)
- ÑÎÖÈÎËÎÃÈß ÐÅËÈÃÈÈ (sociology of religion)
- ÑÏÎÑÎÁ ÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒÂÀ (mode of production)
- ÑÐÅÄÑÒÂÀ ÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒÂÀ (means of production)
- ÑÒÎÈÌÎÑÒÜ (value)
- ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÀËÈÇÌ (structuralism)
- ÒÅÍÄÅÍÖÈß ÍÎÐÌÛ ÏÐÈÁÛËÈ Ê ÏÎÍÈÆÅÍÈÞ (tendency to declining rate of profit)
- ÒÅÎÐÈß ÊÎÍÔËÈÊÒÀ (conflict theory)
- ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÄÅÒÅÐÌÈÍÈÇÌ (technological determinism)
- ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈß (technology)
- ÒÎÂÀÐÍÛÉ ÔÅÒÈØÈÇÌ (commodity fetishism)
- ÒÐÓÄÎÂÀß ÒÅÎÐÈß ÑÒÎÈÌÎÑÒÈ (labour theory of value)
- ÓÐÁÀÍÈÇÀÖÈß (urbanization)
- ÓÒÎÏÈÇÌ (utopianism)
- ÓÒÎÏÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÑÎÖÈÀËÈÇÌ (Utopian socialism)
- ÔÅÎÄÀËÜÍÛÉ ÑÏÎÑÎÁ ÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒÂÀ (feudal mode of production)
- ÔÐÀÍÊÔÓÐÒÑÊÀß ØÊÎËÀ ÊÐÈÒÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÒÅÎÐÈÈ (Frankfurt School of Critical Theory)
- ÖÅÍÍÎÑÒÍÀß ÑÂÎÁÎÄÀ È ÖÅÍÍÎÑÒÍÀß ÍÅÉÒÐÀËÜÍÎÑÒÜ (value freedom and value neutrality)
- ÝÂÎËÞÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÒÅÎÐÈß (evolutionary theory)
- ÝÂÎËÞÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ ÂÑÅÎÁÙÍÎÑÒÈ (evolutionary universals)
- ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ (economy)
- ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÐÅÍÒÀ (economic rent)
- ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÑÎÖÈÎËÎÃÈß (economie sociology)
- ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÊÐÈÇÈÑÛ (economie crises)
- ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÈÇËÈØÅÊ (economic surplus)
- ÝÏÈÑÒÅÌÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÐÀÇÐÛ (epistemological break)
- ßÂËÅÍÈÅ È ÑÓÙÍÎÑÒÜ (appearance and realit)
Ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ Ìàðêñ â íàøåé áèáëèîòåêå
- 18 ÁÐÞÌÅÐÀ ËÓÈ ÁÎÍÀÏÀÐÒÀ
- Êàïèòàë. Êðèòèêà ïîëèòè÷åñêîé ýêîíîìèè
- Êðèòèêà ãîòñêîé ïðîãðàììû
- Ìàíèôåñò Êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîé ïàðòèè
- ÒÅÇÈÑÛ Î ÔÅÉÅÐÁÀÕÅ
Êíèãè, â êîòîðûõ åñòü óïîìèíàíèÿ î Ìàðêñ
- Êðèòèêà ãîòñêîé ïðîãðàììû (Àâòîð: Ìàðêñ Ê.)
- Ìàíèôåñò Êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîé ïàðòèè (Àâòîð: Ìàðêñ Ê.)
- Êàïèòàë. Êðèòèêà ïîëèòè÷åñêîé ýêîíîìèè (Àâòîð: Ìàðêñ Ê.)
- ÌÅÒÎÄÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÛ ÑÎÖÈÎËÎÃÈÈ ÏÐÎÔÅÑÑÈÉ (Àâòîð: Àëåêñàíäðîâà Ò.Ë.)
- ÒÅÇÈÑÛ Î ÔÅÉÅÐÁÀÕÅ (Àâòîð: Ìàðêñ Ê.)
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